martes, 8 de mayo de 2012

Norte de La Paz: "Explotación de la goma"

A la goma, siringa o caucho (Hevea brasiliensis), los originarios peruanos la conocían como “cauchuc” (impermeable). La “fiebre del caucho” constituyó una parte importante de la historia económica y social de países con territorios amazónicos como son Brasil, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia y Bolivia. Esta fiebre está relacionada con la extracción y comercialización del caucho (goma). La fiebre del caucho a nivel mundial vivió su auge entre 1879 y 1912, experimentando, tiempo después, un renacimiento entre los años de 1942 y 1945. El descubrimiento de la vulcanización (en 1939 por Charles Goodyear) y de la cámara neumática en la década de los años 1870 dio lugar a una fiebre extractiva del caucho.

Se denomina caucho al jugo o látex de una variedad de plantas o árboles de gran tamaño. Hay diversas variedades de gomas, entre ellas se tienen: jebe, balata y gutapercha. Los árboles que proveen esta sustancia son las heveas, guayule, el ficus elástico y la Castilloa ulei.

Fue en la selva amazónica donde se desarrolló la actividad extractora del caucho a partir del árbol del caucho o seringueira (en portugués), un árbol que pertenece a la familia de las Euphorbiaceae. Del tallo de este árbol es extraído un líquido blanco, llamado látex, compuesto en un 35 % de hidrocarburos, destacándose el 2metil1, 3 butadieno (C5H8) comercialmente conocido como isopreno o monómero de caucho.

Los originarios centroamericanos fueron los primeros en aprovechar las particulares propiedades del caucho natural. La primera fábrica de productos de caucho surgió en ParisFrancia en 1803.

PRIMERA FIEBRE DEL CAUCHO EN EL BRASIL (18791912)

El desarrollo tecnológico y la Revolución Industrial de Europa fueron los detonantes que convirtieron al caucho natural, hasta entonces un producto exclusivo de la Amazonía Sudamericana, en un producto con alta demanda a nivel mundial, generando ganancias para cualquiera que se aventurase en el negocio. La Guerra del Acre (1899 a 1903) entre Bolivia y Brasil se produjo por los árboles de goma.

El fin del monopolio amazónico del caucho se dio en 1912 debido a que los ingleses plantaron árboles de caucho en Malasia, Ceylán (hoy Sri Lanka), India y en el África Sub Sahariana, con semillas y plantines extraídos ilegalmente del Amazonas por el inglés Wickham. De esta manera los precios del caucho a nivel mundial cayeron y la explotación de la goma sudamericana (boliviana, brasilera y peruana) ya no era rentable.

EL CAUCHO EN GUANAY Y MAPIRI (PROVINCIA LARECAJA)

Entre 1879 y 1912 Bolivia exportaba goma para la fabricación de llantas de vehículos y otros usos.

Recordemos que André (18531931) y Édouard Michelin (18591940) fueron unos industriales franceses inventores del neumático (llanta de goma).

La goma era extraída de las selvas de Guanay, Mapiri, Apolo, Ixiamas, Beni y Pando en forma de “bolachas” (bolas de goma de 80 centímetros de diámetro). En Guanay y Mapiri existían las sociedades gomeras de “Gunther y Berg”, “Benedicto Goitia”, “Andrés Pérez” y otros. En Apolo habían concesionarios gomeros de las “estradas” como Gregorio Gámez y otros. En Beni y Pando existió un enorme apogeo a la cabeza de Don Nicolás Suarez quien tenía como base a Cachuela EsperanzaPando.

La goma producida en Mapiri y Guanay era transportada desde Mapiri, en 7 días, en mulas, hacia Sorata, a la ex Casa Gunther, que era un centro de acopio o rescate y luego la goma era exportada fuera de Bolivia por Puerto Pérez en el Lago Titicaca y posteriormente por Puerto MollendoPerú, en el Océano Pacífico hacia los países de ultramar.

En Guanay y Mapiri actualmente existen plantaciones silvestres de goma, cuyo látex es utilizado para impermeabilizar saquillos de azúcar y harina, que luego son usados para el transporte de objetos en los ríos (“salvavidas” y “engomados”). En el mercado de Guanay se pueden encontrar “engomados” y “capas de goma” para la lluvia. Asimismo existe una pequeña bolsa de goma de 15 x 30 centímetros que sirve para llevar la coca.

SEGUNDA FIEBRE DEL CAUCHO (19421945)

En la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las fuerzas japonesas lograron dominar militarmente el Pacífico Sur durante los primeros meses de 1942, invadiendo Malasia, así el control de las zonas caucheras pasó a manos del Japón. Es entonces que Estados Unidos insta al Brasil a aumentar la explotación de sus árboles de goma (caucho), fiebre que llega también a Bolivia (Guanay, Mapiri, Apolo, Ixiamas, Pando y Beni).

www.tequeje.blogspot.com

30 comentarios:

  1. Hello there, just became alert to your blog through Google,
    and found that it's really

    informative. I am going to watch out for brussels. I’ll appreciate if you continue

    this in future. Many people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!
    Here is my homepage ... latinpymes.com

    ResponderBorrar
  2. Thank you for sharing superb informations. Your site is very cool.
    I'm impressed by the details that you’ve on this web site. It reveals how nicely you

    perceive this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles.

    You, my friend, ROCK! I found simply the information I already searched everywhere

    and just could not come across. What an ideal site.
    Review my website ... catralproperty.net

    ResponderBorrar
  3. Wow, marvelous blog layout! How long have you ever been blogging for?
    you make blogging

    look easy. The full glance of your web site
    is great, let alone the content!
    Here is my web site :: http://lhyd7hak.blogspot.Co.uk/2012/12/eu-imf-agree-to-lend-greece-49-bln.html

    ResponderBorrar
  4. I keep listening to the news broadcast

    talk about getting free online grant applications so I have been looking around for

    the finest site to get one. Could you advise me please, where could i find

    some?
    Here is my webpage ; spain new white jersey 2011

    ResponderBorrar
  5. I must express appreciation to you just for rescuing me from such a


    predicament. As a result of checking throughout the the web and seeing

    tricks which were not productive, I assumed my entire life was


    done. Existing without the presence of

    answers to the issues you have fixed as a result of your entire guide is a critical case,
    and ones which might have adversely

    damaged my entire career if I had not come across the blog.
    Your good talents and kindness in maneuvering every aspect
    was

    tremendous. I am not sure what I

    would have done if I hadn't encountered such a thing like this. It's possible to at

    this time look forward to my future. Thanks so

    much for the specialized and

    results-oriented guide. I will not hesitate to
    recommend your web sites to any person who should
    get recommendations

    about this problem.
    Also visit my homepage ... www.fucksign.com

    ResponderBorrar
  6. great publish, very informative. I'm wondering why the other specialists of this sector do not understand this.

    You should continue your writing. I'm confident, you have a great readers'

    base already!
    Also see my webpage - http://wiki.sonosphere.org/

    ResponderBorrar
  7. Interesting blog! Is your theme custom made or
    did you download it from

    somewhere? A theme like yours with a few simple tweeks would really make my blog

    stand out. Please let me know where you got your theme.
    Kudos

    Here is my page :: www.scoutlink.it

    ResponderBorrar
  8. Howdy! Someone in my Facebook group shared this site with us so I


    came to check it out. I'm definitely enjoying the information. I'm

    book-marking and will be tweeting this to my followers!
    Wonderful blog and fantastic

    design and style.

    Look into my site: http://estin.net/forum/english/id/23497

    ResponderBorrar
  9. It is really a nice and helpful piece of information.
    I am glad that you shared this

    useful info with us. Please keep us up to date like this.
    Thanks for

    sharing.
    Also see my site > elahan.com

    ResponderBorrar
  10. This is really interesting, You are a very skilled blogger.
    I have joined your feed and

    look forward to seeking more of your fantastic post.
    Also, I've shared

    your website in my social networks!
    Look at my site ; http://www.Fairytailepisode.com

    ResponderBorrar
  11. This is really interesting, You are an excessively professional blogger.
    I have joined your rss feed and look ahead to searching
    for extra of your magnificent post. Additionally, I have shared your web site
    in

    my social networks!
    Feel free to visit my web blog ; essentialweb.asia

    ResponderBorrar
  12. You made a few good points there. I did a search on the

    subject and found a good number of

    folks will have the same opinion with your blog.
    Look at my blog ; noticias.miredsocial.info

    ResponderBorrar
  13. You made a few good points there. I did a search on the

    subject and found a good number of

    folks will have the same opinion with your blog.
    My website > noticias.miredsocial.info

    ResponderBorrar
  14. It's a pity you don't have a donate button!
    I'd without a doubt donate to

    this excellent blog! I suppose for now i'll settle
    for

    bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account.
    I look forward to new updates and will talk

    about this website with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
    My web site ... http://wiki.blues.gr/index.php?title=User:VerlineButler70

    ResponderBorrar
  15. you're truly a excellent webmaster. The site loading speed is incredible. It sort of feels that you're doing any
    unique trick. In addition, The contents are masterpiece.
    you've done a excellent task on this topic!
    Here is my page : http://liens.mediaslibres.lautre.net/search.php/all/www.colmedsantacruz.org :: Viendo Perfil

    ResponderBorrar
  16. Great site. Lots of helpful

    information here. I’m sending it to a few friends ans also

    sharing in delicious. And of course, thanks in your

    effort!
    Visit my web site ... http://www.media-engineering.eu

    ResponderBorrar
  17. you're really a good webmaster. The site loading speed is incredible. It seems that

    you're doing any unique trick. Moreover, The contents are

    masterwork. you have done a excellent job on this topic!
    My page :: blogspot.ru

    ResponderBorrar
  18. You can certainly see your enthusiasm in the paintings you

    write. The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who aren't afraid to mention how they believe. Always follow your heart.
    Here is my web page ... http://phylab.mtu.edu/~emleonar/index.php?title=User_talk:JameDaniels980

    ResponderBorrar
  19. We are a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community.
    Your web site

    provided us with valuable information to work on. You've done an impressive job

    and our entire community will be grateful to you.
    My blog : forum.jbdirectory.com

    ResponderBorrar
  20. As a Newbie, I am constantly exploring online for articles that can

    be of assistance to me. Thank you
    My webpage :: http://wowcln.com/

    ResponderBorrar
  21. A person essentially help to make seriously posts I
    would state. This is the first time I frequented your web page and thus far?
    I surprised with the research you made to

    create this particular publish incredible. Fantastic

    job!
    Also visit my web site - www.fe.fairfaxcirclechurch.org

    ResponderBorrar
  22. Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive learn anything
    like this before. So nice

    to search out any individual with some unique thoughts

    on this subject. realy thank you for beginning this up.
    this web site is one

    thing that is needed on the net, somebody with


    slightly originality. useful job for bringing one

    thing new to the internet!
    My site > kidoairaku.s101.xrea.com

    ResponderBorrar
  23. You really make it appear really easy together with your

    presentation however I find this topic to be really one
    thing

    which I believe I would never understand. It sort of

    feels too complicated and extremely broad for me. I am

    having a look ahead for your subsequent submit, I’ll attempt to get
    the hang of it!
    My webpage edinoborstva.bosa.org.ua

    ResponderBorrar
  24. You really make it appear really easy together
    with your

    presentation however I find this topic to be really one thing

    which I believe I would never understand. It sort of


    feels too complicated and extremely broad for me. I am

    having a look ahead for your subsequent submit, I’ll attempt to get the hang of it!
    Also see my website > edinoborstva.bosa.org.ua

    ResponderBorrar
  25. It is appropriate time to make some plans for the future and it is time to be happy.

    I've read this post and if I could I wish to suggest you some interesting things or

    suggestions. Maybe you could write next articles referring to this article. I desire to read more things about it!

    My web-site :: dnouglubitelnye-raboty.bosa.org.ua

    ResponderBorrar
  26. Hi there! I know this is kind of off topic


    but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this
    site? I'm getting sick and tired of

    Wordpress because I've had issues with hackers and I'm looking at options for another platform. I

    would be fantastic if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

    Also visit my homepage :: authenticlinks.com

    ResponderBorrar
  27. Its like you read my mind! You appear to know a lot about
    this, like you wrote the book in it or

    something. I think that you could do with some pics to drive the message home a little bit, but

    instead of that, this is excellent blog. A great read.
    I will certainly be back.

    My web site http://www.seolinkads.com/

    ResponderBorrar
  28. Wow! Thank you! I constantly wanted to write on my blog something like that.

    Can I implement a fragment of your post to my

    website?

    Also visit my web page ... community.theroadlesstravelled.us

    ResponderBorrar
  29. That is a great tip particularly to those fresh to
    the blogosphere. Short but very accurate information… Appreciate your sharing this one.

    A must read article!

    Review my web site :: best cellulite treatment

    ResponderBorrar